Monthly Archives: April 2010

feature film, Film Review

Older than America

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Older Than America trailer

Older Than America is the story of a young teacher who is haunted by dreams and visions about the abuses that went on in Indian boarding schools. Prior to watching it, I had only read about the schools’ assimilationist policies which required Native American children to abandon native dress and language – the violent policy of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man.” In this regard, the film reminded me of the Australian film Rabbit Proof Fence. I had not realized that in addition to the emotional toil that being stripped of your culture would have on a young child (or anyone, really), and the difficulty of having to spend long periods of time away from their families, the children were also verbally and physically abused, including raped. I think this is one more example of how widespread the increasingly visible pedophilia scandal in the Catholic church really is. In the film, the teacher slowly comes to learn about her mother’s past and the film attempts to bring some kind of closure to a painful chapter in both Native American history but also in the specific lives of the young teacher, played by director Georgina Lightning, and her mother and aunt, played by Tantoo Cardinal. 

I thought the film was powerful and important to make. It sheds light on a painful topic and it has probably served to bring about conversations and healing in communities affected by these violations. Since I have done some research into the history of mental illness, I also appreciated the fact that this was a central part of the story. I also appreciate the title of the film, which refers to native life ways, because I think it calls into question colonial cultural impositions. This is emphasized throughout the film by the romantic partnership between Lightning’s and Adam Beach’s character, which is contested by the indoctrinated aunt and U.S. legal authority but which is validated by Beach’s character’s father, a respected elder who is played by Dennis Banks.

That said, my one gripe with the film is the binary opposition that I saw surface at one point when I felt like native spirituality was conflated with “good” and Christianity with “bad.” I think that in order to break from a western epistemological framework, it’s important to see Native American religion or spirituality being emphasized on equal footing with Christianity. And I am not an apologist for the Catholic church. I think the crimes of the representatives of the Catholic Church are infuriating, that victims deserve  more swift reaction from the Church authorities and to see the perpetrators be held accountable for their crimes. But, the representatives of the Church aren’t the Church in its more  spiritual form. I’m hoping that there were some kind nuns and priests who could have manifested themselves in the film. And I’m willing to bet that there are open minded Native American Catholics, including many people who practice a syncretic form of Catholicism which mixes Christian and native life ways. I would have liked to see a more nuanced treatment of this. I realize we could get into a debate about the fact that Christianity is one of the main colonial cultural impositions. Had it not been for it and the broader colonial project, there would have been no boarding schools and therefore abuses. This is a valid point, of course. But I think nuance is important. It’s part of history. It’s part of life. And I think it’s helpful and necessary to see that. (This all reminds me of an article in the March 2010 AHA Perspectives by Philippa Levine called “The Trouble with Film.”)

Despite the long nature of my gripe, it is a powerful film. I think it would be eye opening for many and could be used in classes that discussed native spirituality, colonization, and the privileging of U.S. over native life ways. And Lightning is certainly a notable and talented artist.

I also wanted to note that as I watched the credits role at the end of the film, I was struck by all that goes into the making of films. In this case, I was especially impressed by credits listing mental health as well as cultural consultants. It made me wonder how many films that portray Native American cultures have cultural consultants. I’ll have to start checking.

Until next time…

documentary, Film Review

The Devil’s Miner

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The award-winning documentary The Devil’s Miner takes us into the life of the Vargas family of Potosí, Bolivia. Since his father passed away, the eldest son, Basilio, who is only fourteen years old, is the family breadwinner. Basilio works in the mines along with his younger brother Bernardino while his sister stays home with his mother whose job it is to watch over the miners’ equipment. In the film, we witness the dangerous and unhealthy work carried out by these two boys who are among hundreds who work in the mines of the area. Basilio attends school but, having no father, it is more likely that he will continue to work in the mines into adulthood, which is a depressing prospect since even the men who work as miners acknowledge that they expect to die young due to the health risks associated with working in the mines. In the first ten minutes of watching this documentary, my viewing companion, who is not big on commentary, must have been equally impressed with the situation of these child laborers since he commented on how good children in the U.S. have it. Indeed, if your child has the advantage of education and a wealth of time for recreational activities and you would like them to see how their counterparts live in other countries, this is a great film to watch since it would probably make them grateful for their opportunities and also possibly make a big impression on their social conscience. Needless to say, if your class is studying child labor, this is also a good pick.

The film also goes into spirituality in the person of the priest who counsels the miners not to give in to the personage of El Tio, or the Devil as he is referred to in the film. He is ruler of the mines and each mine has his statue, a site where miners pay homage in order to ensure their continued safety in the mines. One of the ways that miners pay their respects is by depositing coca leaves by their mine’s Tio. I liked the fact that we see this as well as how often the boys and men chew coca leaves during breaks since it works to stave off hunger and maintain energy. I think it’s important to see the cultural uses of coca leaves since it’s often villainized due to its use in cocaine.

Besides bringing child labor in these mines to light, I liked this film because it did not just paint a dismal portrait of these young miners . It also shows how they balance their lives with quick soccer games, school and with their dancing in the miners group during carnaval. I loved their miners’ dance move but more importantly, I enjoyed watching their preparation for carnaval because you could see that despite their harsh working conditions, and despite the potential to get insulted if more schoolmates knew Basilio was a miner, the boys and miners were proud of their identity as miners.

Viewing this film probably made more of an impact on me because it coincided with the deaths of 29 miners in a coal mine explosion in West Virginia and subsequently hearing various pieces in the radio about the incident as well as personal accounts of people who live in mining towns and come from mining families. My condolences to all the families and friends touched by these tragedies here and everywhere. — And check out The Devil’s Miner website for more information, including ways to contribute to ending child labor in Bolivia.

articles, books, films, scholarly publications

Indigenous Studies Portal: Film

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Those of you who read this blog regularly will probably be interested in taking a look at the “Film” section of the Indigenous Studies Portal produced at the University of Saskkatchewan. It includes citations to articles, book reviews, e-books, theses, films and a website. Most of it is limited to University of Saskkatchewan patrons but you can use the citations and lists to request some of the material at your local library.

documentary, News

Mohawk Identity in Kahnawake

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The debate over Mohawk identity in Kahnawake in Montreal, Canada was not on my radar until I watched the documentary Club Native, which I liked so much.  I’ve recently read several articles about this issue (thanks to posts by Kendra Kennedy on H-AMINDIAN@H-NET.MSU.EDU) which I’m linking to below.

A potential reversal of the “second generation cut-off” rule which limits interracial Mohawk membership to the grandchildren of Mohawk male and non-Mohawk female unions could result in a doubling of the population in Kahnawake and has set off a flurry of eviction notices to mixed race couples. Although the above regulation seems to favor Mohawk men who partner with non-Mohawk women, one of the articles notes that even young Mohawk men are raised knowing that if they marry out, they will be made to move out. Although the idea of evicting mixed race couples or denying Mohawk identity to children of mixed unions seems inhumane and extreme, and although some Mohawks argue that the evictions are culturally incongruous since outsiders have historically been allowed to integrate into Mohawk culture, the issue is problematized by internal fears that the space and rights that Mohawks have as a group will be undermined as more and more non-Mohawks are allowed to live in Kahnawake. This battle is sad, especially having watched Club Native and the effect that these measures of exclusivity which are based on blood quantum and not other more authentic expressions of identity, has had on various people, including those who are so commited to maintaining Mohawk culture. The entire debate is also really interesting in terms of trying to pin down a sometimes nebulous label like identity which is defined in different ways by different people. I’m currently working on my thesis which discusses native dress as an aspect of identity and it’s really interesting to see the ways that clothing’s significance changes even within a given historical period and how contemporary events influence these changes. The historical nature of these types of debates are also instructive. One of the articles notes that these evictions have had occured sporadically in the past, going all the way back to at least the late 19th century. Were these types of panics resurface each time native rights were perceived to be threatened? Really interesting and difficult questions.

Hubert Bauch. “Kahnawake band council meddles in people’s love lives, critics charge,” The Montreal Gazette. February 9, 2010.

Cornacchia, Cheryl. “’If you marry out, you move out’; Evictions; Couples ‘should have known better’.” The Montreal Gazette. February 11, 2010.

Hoss, Fabrice. “Mohawks kick non-aboriginals off lands in Quebec.” Taiwan News. March 3, 2010.

“Mohawk tribe evicts non-natives.” Public Radio International. March 8, 2010.

“Federal law could boost population, add tension on Quebec reserve.” Canwest News Service, March 23, 2010.